World Ranking Scheme

1) Спорт: World Ranking System

2) Военный термин: Weapons Recommendation Sheet, war reserve stocks, warning and report system, weather radar set, weather radar system, weather reconnaissance squadron, wide-range sensor

3) Техника: Wood Refinishing System, wave radiometer system, weapon response simulator, Wafer Raised Face (Serrated Finish)

4) Фармакология: Worldwide Regulatory Strategy

5) Биржевой термин: Windrose Medical Properties Trust

6) Грубое выражение: We Really Sexy

7) Музыка: Washington Recorder Society

8) Сокращение: War Reserve Stock, Weather Reconnaissance Squadron (USAF), Word Recognition System (USA)

9) Университет: Water Resources Science, University of Minnesota

10) Фирменный знак: Walnut Ridge Studio, Wandering Rocks Solutions, Wilson Research Strategies

11) Деловая лексика: World Ranking Scheme

12) Расширение файла: WordPerfect for Windows - Windows Resource

13) Логистика: War Risk Surcharge, военная надбавка (War Risk Surcharge)

14) Должность: Water Resources Science

15) Правительство: Wisconsin Retirement System

16) НАСА: Worldwide Reference System

17) AMEX. Winston Resources, Inc.

1 classification, bracket, sorting, categorization.

2 classified results.

3 league table, placing in league rank, placing.

4 classification, break-down, grading.

* * *

► nombre femenino

1 (gen) classification

2 (distribución) sorting, filing

3 DEPORTE league, table

4 (de discos) top twenty, hit parade

* * *

1) classification

2) rating

* * *

1) (=categorización) classification

2) (=ordenación) [de documentos] classification; (Inform, Correos) sorting

3) (Náut) rating

4) [en torneo] qualification

5) (=lista) table, league

* * *

1) (de documentos, libros) classification; ( de cartas) sorting

2) ( de película -acción) classification; (- certificado)

3) (de elemento, animal, planta) classification

4) (Dep)

a) ( para una etapa posterior) qualification

b) ( tabla) placings (pl); ( puesto) position, place

* * *

= classification, map, mapping, ranking, sorting, subject cataloguing, rank order, league table, sift, scoreboard, scorecard, grading, leader board.

Ex. Classification, then, is the grouping of like objects.

Ex. A detailed study of a co-citation map, its core documents' citation patterns and the related journal structures, is presented.

Ex. Recently, proponents of co-citation cluster analysis have claimed that in principle their methodology makes possible the mapping of science using the data in the Science Citation Index.

Ex. Those documents with sufficiently high rankings will be deemed relevant and eventually retrieved.

Ex. Storage medium and associated equipment (for example, sorting and punching devices, cards, magnetic tape) tends to be cheaper than the term record index equivalent.

Ex. This facility enables descriptive and subject cataloguing to be done by two different people.

Ex. This is an interesting reversal of the rank order of countries for both stock held and expenditure per head of population.

Ex. In addition to producing these 'league tables' of microcomputer applications, Burton also indicated the applications software that libraries were using.

Ex. The method of work agreed was that the chairperson would make a first sift of proposals and divide them into two groups.

Ex. Evaluation the research is through 4 strategies: a simple scoreboard; scoreboard plus other details such as references; scoreboard with the minimal critera of, e.g., sample size and statistical procedures used; examination of actual material.

Ex. After a year's rapid development of portals by major search engines, adding such things as scorecards, news headlines or links to other services, search engine developers are now turning to personalization as a way of holding their users.

Ex. It is interesting that, in this case, socio-economic grading was a better social discriminator than was terminal educational age.

Ex. Since its launch, the project has been plagued by a small number of people cheating to elevate their ranking in the leader boards.

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* clasificación abreviada = abridged classification.

* clasificación analítico-sintética = analytico-synthetic classification.

* clasificación automática = automatic classification.

* clasificación bibliográfica = bibliographic classification, library classification.

* Clasificación Bibliográfica (BC) = Bibliographic Classification (BC).

* clasificación cruzada = cross-classification.

* Clasificación Decimal de Dewey (DDC o DC) = Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC o DC).

* Clasificación Decimal, la = Decimal Classification, the.

* Clasificación Decimal Universal (CDU) = UDC (Universal Decimal Classification).

* clasificación de Dewey, la = Dewey scheme, the.

* clasificación de la literatura narrativa = fiction classification.

* clasificación del correo = mail sorting.

* clasificación del suelo = zoning.

* Clasificación de Ranganathan = Colon Classification (CC), Colon Classification Scheme.

* clasificación enumerativa = enumerative classification.

* clasificación específica = close classification, specific classification.

* clasificación facetada = faceted classification.

* clasificación general = broad classification, broad classification.

* Clasificación Industrial General de las Actividades Económicas (NACE) = General Industrial Classification of Economic Activities (NACE).

* clasificación monojerárquica = monohierarchical classification.

* clasificación por antigüedad = seniority ranking.

* clasificación por materia = subject classification.

* clasificación por pertinencia = relevance ranking.

* clasificación unidimensional = monodimensional classification.

* de clasificación = classificatory indicator, classificatory.

* dispositivo de clasificación = sorting device.

* Grupo de Investigación sobre la Clasificación (CRG) = Classification Research Group (CRG).

* indicador de clasificación = classificatory indicator.

* LCCN (Notación de la Clasificación de la Biblioteca del Congreso) = LCCN (Library of Congress Classification Number).

* número de clasificación = class mark [classmark], class number, classification number, rank number.

* ocupar un lugar en una clasificación = rank.

* paquete de clasificación = sort package.

* sistema de clasificación = classification scheme, scheme, classification system, classification schedules, grading system.

* sistema de clasificación analítico = analytical classification scheme.

* sistema de clasificación de Bliss = Bliss classification scheme.

* sistema de clasificación decimal = decimal classification scheme.

* sistema de clasificación de la Biblioteca del Congreso = LCC (Library of Congress Classification).

* sistema de clasificación dicotomizado = dichotomized classification scheme.

* sistema de clasificación enciclopédica = general classification scheme.

* sistema de clasificación enumerativo = enumerative classification scheme, enumerative scheme.

* sistema de clasificación especializado = special classification scheme, special scheme.

* sistema de clasificación facetado = faceted classification scheme.

* sistema de clasificación general = general scheme, general classification scheme.

* sistema de clasificación jerárquico = hierarchical classification scheme.

* sistema de clasificación lineal = linear classification scheme.

* sistema de clasificación multidimensional = multidimensional classification scheme.

* sistema de clasificación por disciplinas = discipline-oriented scheme.

* sistema de clasificación sintético = synthetic classification scheme.

* sistema de clasificación universal = universal classification scheme.

* sistema de clasificación verbal = verbal classification system.

* tabla de clasificación = classification schedule.

* * *

1) (de documentos, libros) classification; ( de cartas) sorting

2) ( de película -acción) classification; (- certificado)

3) (de elemento, animal, planta) classification

4) (Dep)

a) ( para una etapa posterior) qualification

b) ( tabla) placings (pl); ( puesto) position, place

* * *

* * *

A (de documentos, libros) classification; (de cartas) sorting

el ordenador que hace la clasificación del correo the computer that sorts the mail

B (de una película — acción) classification

(— certificado): ¿qué clasificación (moral) tiene? what certificate has it got?

C (de un elemento, una planta) classification

D ( Dep)

1 (para una etapa posterior) qualification

peligra nuestra clasificación para la final we are in danger of not making o of not qualifying for the final

esta victoria le supone la clasificación para la fase final this victory means that he will go through to o has qualified for the finals

2 (tabla) placings (pl); (puesto) position, place

quinto en la clasificación final del rally fifth in the final placings for the rally

* * *

a) (Dep) ( para una etapa posterior) qualification;

◊ partido de clasificación qualifying match

b) ( tabla) placings (pl);

◊ quinto en la clasificación final del rally fifth in the final placings for the rally

* * *

clasificación nf

1. [ordenación] classification

2. [de animal, planta] classification

3. [de película] classification

4. Dep [lista] [en liga] (league) Br table o US standings;

encabezar la clasificación [en liga] to be at the top of the league;

clasificación por equipos team classification;

clasificación general (general) classification;

clasificación de la regularidad points classification

5. Dep [para competición] qualification;

no consiguieron lograr la clasificación para las semifinales they didn't manage to qualify for the semifinals

* * *

1 DEP en competición qualification

2 de liga league table

hacer la clasificación de los documentos sort the documents out

* * *

clasificación nf, pl - ciones

1) : classification, sorting out

2) : rating

3) calificación: qualification (in competitions)

* * *

clasificación n

1. (en general) classification

2. (en deporte acción) qualifying

3. (en deporte ranking) ranking

grand, e [gʀɑ̃, gʀɑ̃d]

1. adjective

   a. ( = de haute taille) tall

   b. ( = plus âgé) son grand frère his older or big (inf) brother

• ils ont deux grands enfants they have two grown-up children

• quand il sera grand [enfant] when he grows up

• il est assez grand pour savoir he's old enough to know

• tu es grand/grande maintenant you're a big boy/girl now

   c. (en dimensions) big, large ; [bras, distance, voyage, enjambées] long ; [avenue, marge] wide

• ouvrir de grands yeux to open one's eyes wide

• l'amour avec un grand A love with a capital L

   d. (en nombre, en quantité) [vitesse, poids, valeur, puissance] great ; [nombre, quantité] large ; [famille] large, big

• la grande majorité des gens the great majority of people

   e. ( = intense) [bruit, cri] loud ; [froid, chaleur] intense ; [vent] strong ; [danger, plaisir, pauvreté] great

• avec un grand rire with a loud laugh

• à ma grande surprise to my great surprise

   f. ( = riche, puissant) [pays, firme, banquier, industriel] leading

   g. ( = important) great ; [ville, travail] big

• je t'annonce une grande nouvelle ! I've got some great news!

• c'est un grand jour pour nous this is a great day for us

   h. ( = principal) main

• c'est la grande nouvelle du jour it's the main news of the day

• la grande difficulté consiste à... the main difficulty lies in...

   i. (intensif) [travailleur, collectionneur, ami, rêveur] great ; [buveur, fumeur] heavy ; [mangeur] big

• un grand verre d'eau a large glass of water

• les grands malades the very ill

• un grand invalide a seriously disabled person

   j. ( = remarquable) great

• un grand vin a great wine

• une grande année a vintage year

• c'est du grand jazz (inf) it's jazz at its best

   k. ( = de gala) [réception, dîner] grand

• en grande pompe with great pomp

   l. ( = noble) [âme] noble ; [pensée, principe] lofty

   m. ( = exagéré) faire de grandes phrases to voice high-flown sentiments

• tous ces grands discours all these high-flown speeches

   n. ( = beaucoup de) cela te fera (le plus) grand bien it'll do you the world of good

• grand bien vous fasse ! much good may it do you!

2. adverb

   a. (en taille) ces sandales chaussent grand these sandals are big-fitting (Brit) or run large (US)

   b. ( = largement) ouvrir (en) grand [+ porte] to open wide ; [+ robinet] to turn full on

• la fenêtre était grand(e) ouverte the window was wide open

• voir grand to think big

• il a vu trop grand he was over-ambitious

• il fait toujours les choses en grand he always does things on a large scale

3. masculine noun

   a. ( = élève) senior boy

• jeu pour petits et grands game for old and young alike

   b. (terme d'affection) viens, mon grand come here, son

   c. ( = personne puissante) les grands de ce monde men in high places

• Alexandre le Grand Alexander the Great

4. feminine noun

grande

   a. ( = élève) senior girl

• elle parle comme une grande she talks like a much older child

   b. (terme d'affection) ma grande (my) dear

5. compounds

► la grande Bleue or bleue the Med (inf)

► grande personne grown-up

► la grande vie the good life

• mener la grande vie to live the good life

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

The grandes écoles are competitive-entrance higher education establishments where engineering, business administration and other subjects are taught to a very high standard. The most prestigious include « l'École Polytechnique » (engineering), the three « Écoles normales supérieures » (arts and sciences), « l'ÉNA » (the civil service college), and « HEC » (business administration).

Pupils prepare for entrance to the grandes écoles after their « baccalauréat » in two years of « classes préparatoires ». → CLASSES PRÉPARATOIRES  CONCOURS  ÉCOLE NATIONALE D'ADMINISTRATION

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grande gʀɑ̃, gʀɑ̃d adjectif

1) ( de dimensions importantes) ( en hauteur) tall; (en longueur, durée) long; ( en largeur) wide; (en étendue, volume) big

2) (nombreux, abondant) large, big

3) ( à un degré élevé) [rêveur, collectionneur, ami] great; [tricheur, joueur] big; [buveur, fumeur] heavy

4) ( important) [découverte, expédition, nouvelle] great; [date] important; [rôle] major; [problème, décision] big

5) ( principal) main

6) ( de premier plan) [société, marque] leading

7) (brillant, remarquable) [peintre, vin, cause] great; [cœur, âme] noble

8) ( âgé) [frère, sœur] elder; [élève] senior GB, older; ( adulte)

9) ( qualifiant une mesure) [hauteur, longueur, distance, valeur] great; [pointure, quantité, étendue] large; [vitesse] high

10) (extrême, fort) [bonté, amitié, danger, intérêt] great; [bruit] loud; [froid] severe; [chaleur] intense; [vent] strong, high; [tempête] big, violent

11) ( de rang social élevé) [famille, nom] great

12) ( grandiose) [réception, projet] grand

13) ( emphatique) [mot] big; [phrase] high-sounding

nom masculin, féminin ( enfant) big boy/girl; École senior GB ou older pupil

adverbe wide

nom masculin

en grand locution adverbiale

- grand banditisme

- grand bassin

- grand couturier

- grand duc

- grand écart

- le grand écran

- grand ensemble

- grand invalide civil

- grand invalide de guerre

- le grand large

- grand magasin

- grand maître

- grand mât

- le grand monde

- le Grand Nord

- grand panda

- Grand Pardon

- grand patron

- grand prêtre

- le grand public

- grand quotidien

- grand teint

- grand tourisme

- la grande banlieue

- la grande cuisine

- grande distribution

- grande école

- la Grande Guerre

- grande gueule

- la grande muraille de Chine

- grande personne

- la grande presse

- grande puissance

- grande roue

- grande série

- grande surface

- grandes eaux

- grandes lignes

- grandes marées

- grandes ondes

- grands espaces

- grands fauves

- grands fonds

- Grands Lacs

- grands singes

* * *

1. adj

1) (= de haute taille) tall

2) (= aîné)

3) (= adulte)

4) (= gros, vaste, large) big, large

5) (importance, stature) great

6) (ampleur, degré)

7) (intensif)

2. adv

3. nm/f

1) (= élève, enfant) big boy, big girl

2) (= personnage)

4. nm

* * *

grand, grande

A adj

1 ( de dimensions importantes) ( en hauteur) [personne, arbre, tour, cierge] tall; (en longueur, durée) [bras, enjambée, promenade, voyage] long; ( en largeur) [angle, marge] wide; (en étendue, volume) [lac, ville, salle, trou, édifice, paquet] large, big; [tas, feu] big; ( démesuré) [pied, nez, bouche] big; un homme (très) grand a (very) tall man; un grand homme brun, un homme grand et brun a tall dark man; plus grand que nature larger than life; ouvrir de grands yeux to open one's eyes wide;

2 (nombreux, abondant) [famille, foule] large, big; [fortune] large; grande braderie big sale; pas grand monde not many people; faire de grandes dépenses to spend a lot of money; il fait grand jour it's broad daylight; laver à grande eau to wash [sth] in plenty of running water [légumes]; to wash [sth] down [sol]; à grand renfort de publicité with much publicity;

3 ( à un degré élevé) [rêveur, collectionneur, travailleur, ami, ennemi, pécheur] great; [tricheur, joueur, lâcheur, idiot] big; [buveur, fumeur] heavy; grand amateur de ballet great ballet lover; c'est un grand timide he's very shy; les grands malades very sick people; c'est un grand cardiaque he has a serious heart condition;

4 ( important) [découverte, migration, expédition, événement, nouvelle, honneur] great; [date] important; [rôle] major; [problème, décision] big; ( principal) main; c'est un grand jour pour elle it's a big day for her; une grande partie de la maison a large part of the house; une grande partie des habitants many of the inhabitants; la grande majorité the great ou vast majority; ⇒ scène;

5 ( principal) main; le grand escalier the main staircase; le grand problème/obstacle the main ou major problem/obstacle; les grands axes routiers the main ou trunk GB roads; les grands points du discours the main points of the speech; les grandes lignes d'une politique the broad lines of a policy;

6 ( de premier plan) Écon, Pol [pays, société, industriel, marque] leading; les grandes industries the big industries;

7 (brillant, remarquable) [peintre, œuvre, civilisation, vin, cause] great; [cœur, âme] noble; c'est un grand homme he's a great man; les grands écrivains great authors; un grand nom de la musique a great musician; un grand monsieur du théâtre a great gentleman of the stage; Louis/Pierre le Grand Louis/Peter the Great; les grands noms du cinéma/de la littérature indienne the big names of the cinema/of Indian literature; de grande classe [produit] high-class; [exploit] admirable; ⇒ esprit;

8 ( âgé) [frère, sœur] elder; [élève] senior GB, older; ( adulte) grown-up; mon grand frère my elder brother; les grandes classes Scol the senior forms GB, the upper classes US; quand il sera grand when he grows up; mes enfants sont grands my children are quite old; une grande fille comme toi! a big girl like you!; 12 ans! tu es assez grand pour te débrouiller 12 years old! you're old enough to cope;

9 ( qualifiant une mesure) [hauteur, longueur, distance, poids, valeur, âge] great; [dimensions, taille, pointure, quantité, nombre, étendue] large; [vitesse] high; [kilomètre, mois, heure] good; il est grand temps que tu partes it's high time you were off ou you went;

10 (intense, extrême, fort) [bonté, lâcheté, pauvreté, amitié, chagrin, faim, danger, différence, intérêt] great; [bruit] great, loud; [froid] severe; [chaleur] intense; [vent] strong, high; [tempête] big, violent; avec grand plaisir with great ou much pleasure; dans le plus grand secret in great secrecy; d'une grande bêtise/timidité very ou extremely stupid/shy; à ma grande honte/surprise much to my shame/surprise; sans grand espoir/enthousiasme without much hope/enthusiasm; sans grande importance not very important; il n'y a pas grand mal à cela/à faire there isn't much harm in that/in doing; avoir grand faim/soif to be very hungry/thirsty; avoir grand besoin de to be badly in need of; ça te ferait le plus grand bien it would do you a world of good; à grands cris loudly; ⇒ cas, remède;

11 ( de rang social élevé) [famille, nom] great; grande dame great lady; la grande bourgeoisie the upper middle class;

12 ( grandiose) [réception] grand; grands projets grand designs; avoir grande allure, avoir grand air to look very impressive;

13 ( emphatique) [mot] big; [phrase] high-sounding; un grand merci a big thank you; faire de grands gestes to wave one's arms about; et voilà, tout de suite les grands mots there you go, straight off the deep end.

B nm,f

1 ( enfant) big boy/girl; Scol senior GB ou older pupil; il a fait ça tout seul comme un grand he did it all by himself like a big boy; il fait le ménage comme un grand he does the housework like a grown-up; pour les grands et les petits for old and young alike;

2 ( terme d'affection) mon grand, ma grande my darling.

C adv wide; ouvrir grand la bouche to open one's mouth wide; ouvrir tout grand les bras to throw one's arms open; les fenêtres sont grand(es) ouvertes the windows are wide open; ouvrir la porte toute grande to open the door wide; ouvrir grand ses oreilles fig to prick up one's ears; ouvrir tout grand son cœur fig to open one's heart; les bottes chaussent grand the boots are large-fitting; leurs vêtements taillent grand their clothes are cut on the large side; voir grand fig to think big.

D nm ( pays) big power; ( entreprise) leader, big name; les grands de ce monde the great and the good; Pol the world's leaders; les cinq grands Pol the Big Five; les grands de l'automobile the top car manufacturers; c'est un grand de la publicité he's big in advertising.

E en grand loc adv [ouvrir] wide, completely; faire de l'élevage en grand to breed animals on a large scale; quand ils reçoivent, ils font les choses en grand when they entertain they do things on the grand scale or they really go to town○.

grand argentier Hist royal treasurer; hum keeper of the nation's purse, Finance minister; le grand art alchemy; grand banditisme organized crime; grand bassin ( de piscine) main pool; Anat upper pelvis; grand cacatois main royal sail; grand caniche standard poodle; le grand capital Écon big money, big investors pl; grand commis de l'État top civil servant; grand coq de bruyère capercaillie; grand corbeau raven; grand couturier couturier; grand débutant absolute beginner; grand duc Zool eagle owl; grand écart Danse, Sport splits (sg); faire le grand écart to do the splits; le grand écran the big screen; grand électeur ( en France) elector who votes in the elections for the French Senate; ( aux États-Unis) presidential elector; grand ensemble high-density housing complex; la vie dans les grands ensembles high-rise living; grand d'Espagne Spanish grandee; grand foc outer jib; grand frais Météo moderate gale; grand hunier main topsail; grand hunier fixe lower main topsail; grand hunier volant upper main topsail; grand invalide civil, GIC civilian who is registered severely disabled; grand invalide de guerre, GIG Prot Soc ex-serviceman who is registered severely disabled; le grand large Naut the high seas (pl); grand magasin Comm department store; grand maître ( aux échecs) grand master; grand maître de l'ordre des Templiers Hist Grand Master of the Knights Templar; grand mât Naut mainmast; le grand monde high society; le Grand Nord Géog the Far North; Grand Œuvre Great Work; grand officier de la Légion d'Honneur high-ranking officer of the Legion of Honour^GB; le Grand Orient the Grand Lodge of France; grand panda giant panda; Grand Pardon Day of Atonement; grand patron Méd senior consultant GB, head doctor US; grand perroquet Naut main topgallant sail; grand prêtre Relig, fig high priest; grand prix Courses Aut, Sport grand prix; le grand public the general public; Comm produit grand public consumer product; grand quart Naut six-hour watch; Grand quartier général, GQG Mil General Headquarters, GHQ; grand quotidien Presse big national daily; grand roque Jeux ( aux échecs) castling long; le Grand Siècle Hist the 17th century (in France); grand teint colourfast^GB; grand tétras capercaillie; grand tourisme Courses Aut, Aut GT, gran turismo; le Grand Turc the Sultan; grand veneur Chasse master of the hounds; grande Armée Hist Grande Armée (Napoleon's army); grande Baie Australienne Géog Great Australian Bight; la grande banlieue the outer suburbs (pl); Grande Barrière (de Corail) Géog Great Barrier Reef; la grande bleue the sea; la grande cuisine Culin haute cuisine; grande distribution Écon volume retailing; grand école higher education institution; la Grande Guerre Hist the First World War; grande gueule○ loud mouth○; grande hune Naut maintop; la grande muette the army; la grande muraille de Chine Géog the Great Wall of China; grande personne grown-up, adult; la grande presse Presse the popular dailies (pl); grande puissance Pol superpower; grande roue ( de foire) big wheel GB, Ferris wheel US; grande série Comm mass production; fabriqué en grande série mass-produced; grande surface Comm supermarket; grandes eaux fountains; fig ( pleurs) waterworks; dès qu'on la gronde, ce sont les grandes eaux the minute you tell her off, she turns on the waterworks; grandes lignes Rail main train routes; grandes marées spring tides; grandes ondes Radio long wave (sg); Grandes Plaines Géog Great Plains; les grands blessés the seriously injured; grands corps de l'État Admin senior branches of the civil service; grands espaces Écol open spaces; grands fauves Zool big cats; grands fonds Naut ocean depths; les grands froids the cold of winter; Grands Lacs Géog Great Lakes; grands singes Zool great apes; ⇒ école, voyage.

ⓘ Grande école A prestigious third-level institution where admission is usually by competitive entrance examination or concours. Places are much sought after as they are widely considered to guarantee more promising career prospects than the standard university institutions. Many grandes écoles specialize in particular disciplines or fields of study, e.g. ENA, Sciences Po, etc.

( féminin grande) [grɑ̃, grɑ̃d] (devant nom masculin commençant par voyelle ou h muet [grɑ̃t]) adjectif

A.[ASPECT QUANTITATIF]

1. [de taille élevée - adulte] tall ; [ - enfant] tall, big

2. [de grandes dimensions - objet, salle, ville] big, large ; [ - distance] long

3. [d'un certain âge - être humain] big

[aîné - frère, sœur] big

[au terme de sa croissance - personne] grown-up ; [ - animal] fully grown, adult

4. [qui dure longtemps] long

5. [intense, considérable] great

6. [pour qualifier une mesure] large, great

7. [entier]

B.[ASPECT QUALITATIF]

1. [important] great, major

2. [acharné, invétéré] great, keen

3. [puissant, influent - banque] top ; [ - industriel] top, leading, major ; [ - propriétaire, famille] important ; [ - personnage] great

4. [dans une hiérarchie]

5. [noble]

6. [généralementéreux]

7. [exagéré] big

8. [fameux, reconnu] great

10. [omnipotent, suprême] great

C.[EN INTENSIF]

il est grand temps que tu le lises it's high time you read it

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, grande [grɑ̃, grɑ̃d] (devant nom masculin commençant par voyelle ou h muet [grɑ̃t]) nom masculin, nom féminin

1. [enfant - d'un certain âge]

[en appellatif]

2. [adulte - généralement] grown-up, adult

[en appellatif]

[personne de grande taille]

pour la photo, les grands se mettront derrière for the photo, tall people ou the taller people will stand at the back

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adverbe

1. [vêtement]

2. (locution)

3. [largement]

4. ART

représenter quelque chose plus grand que nature to enlarge something

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nom masculin

1. PHILOSOPHIE → link=infiniment infiniment

2. [entrepreneur, industriel]

les grands de l'automobile the major ou leading car manufacturers

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grands nom masculin pluriel

les grands [les puissants] the rich (and powerful)

les deux Grands POLITIQUE the two superpowers

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en grand locution adverbiale

[complètement] on a large scale

grande école nom féminin

grand ensemble nom masculin

grande surface nom féminin

The grandes écoles are relatively small and highly respected higher education establishments. Admission is usually only possible after two years of intensive preparatory studies and a competitive entrance examination. Most have close links with industry. The grandes écoles include l'École des hautes études commerciales or HEC (management and business), l'École polytechnique or l'X (engineering) and l'École normale supérieure (teacher training).

A n.

1 cima; vetta; sommità; apice; apogeo; culmine; vertice; capo; cocuzzolo; ( del tetto) colmo: on top, in cima; in vetta; the top of the volcano, la sommità del vulcano; turnip tops, cime di rapa; My brother is at the top of his career, mio fratello è all'apice della sua carriera

2 parte superiore; copertura; coperchio; cappuccio ( metallico, di plastica, ecc.): the top of the wardrobe, la parte superiore (o il disopra) del guardaroba; a box top, un coperchio di scatola

3 (autom.) capote, tetto, tettuccio ( d'automobile); imperiale ( d'autobus)

4 ( di scarpa) tomaia

5 ( di abito femminile) top; parte disopra ( di un completo); ( di una calza da donna) gambaletto: pyjama top, giacca (o maglia) del pigiama

6 (naut.) coffa; gabbia

7 (fig.) personaggio importante, preminente; primo: Henry came out ( at the) top of the school, Henry è stato il primo della scuola ( negli scrutini, negli esami, ecc.)

8 [u] (il) meglio; parte scelta (o migliore); (il) fiore ( della panna, ecc.): the top of the crop, il meglio del raccolto

9 [u] principio; inizio: the top of the year, il principio dell'anno

10 tappo ( a vite, ecc.): I cannot unscrew the top of the bottle, non riesco a svitare il tappo della bottiglia NOTA D'USO: - tap o cork?-

11 [u] (chim.) testa ( di un liquido: nella distillazione)

12 [u] (ind. tess.) pettinato; nastro pettinato

13 (fig.) cima, vetta, testa ( della classifica); primo posto: They've reached the top of the league table, sono arrivati in testa alla classifica

14 [u] (autom., motociclismo) (= top gear) la marcia più alta: to be in top, essere in quinta (o in quarta, in sesta)

15 [u] ( calcio, ecc.) effetto ( dato a una palla colpendola sopra la mezzeria); ( anche) colpo (o tiro) eseguito con l'effetto

16 ( tennis, ecc.) (fam.) ► topspin

17 (pl.) – tops, bottoni di metallo, placcati solo sul disopra

18 (pl.) – tops, ( bridge) le due carte più alte di un seme ( asso e re)

B a. attr.

1 in cima; in alto; primo; superiore; il più alto, elevato; ultimo ( verso l'alto): the top drawer, il primo cassetto ( dall'alto); the top left-hand corner, l'angolo superiore sinistro; top end, parte alta (di qc.); cima; massimo ( di una scala di valori, ecc.); top executive, alto dirigente; top judges, i giudici di grado più elevato; top floor, ultimo piano ( di una casa)

2 primo; al vertice ( della classifica); di vertice: to be in the top five, essere fra i primi cinque; the top three teams, le tre squadre al vertice

3 grande; di (gran) classe; eccellente; di prim'ordine: He's a top player, è un giocatore di gran classe

4 massimo: to go at top speed, andare alla massima velocità possibile

5 principale; massimo; supremo; sommo: top prices, prezzi massimi; top honours, sommi onori; supreme onoranze; top priority, precedenza assoluta

6 (market.) di prima scelta; ( anche) il più venduto: (in GB) the top ten, i dieci dischi più venduti; top seller, articolo in testa alle vendite

C avv.

al primo posto; in prima posizione: I came out top in the exam, sono risultato primo agli esami

● (teatr.) top billing, posto d'onore sul cartellone □ top boots, stivali alla scudiera □ (mil.) the top brass, gli alti papaveri; i pezzi grossi □ (metall.) top casting, colata dall'alto □ (fig.) top-class, di prima classe □ (polit.) top conference, conferenza al vertice □ ( slang) top dog, padrone; capo; boss; caporione □ top-down, dall'alto al basso; (fig.) verticistico □ (comput.) top-down development, sviluppo top-down (o dall'alto in basso: dai requisiti generali al dettaglio via via maggiore) □ (fig. fam.) top drawer, alta società □ (fam.) top-drawer, dell'alta società □ (agric.) top dressing, concimazione in superficie; concime da spargere in superficie □ (ind. tess.) top dyeing, tintura in filo □ top-end, ( di prodotto, ecc.) di qualità elevata; (il) migliore; (il) più sofisticato □ top-flight, eccellente; di prima qualità; eccezionale □ (autom.) top gear, la marcia più alta; (la) quarta; presa diretta; (fig.) piena attività, pieno ritmo: in top gear, (autom.) in presa diretta; in quinta; (fig.) in grande forma; in piena attività; a pieno ritmo □ (aeron. mil.) top gun, top gun ( aereo da combattimento e pilota particolarmente addestrato); (fig.) papavero, pezzo grosso □ top hat, cappello a cilindro; cilindro; tuba; (fig. fam.) alto dirigente: top-hat scheme, piano pensionistico per l'alta dirigenza □ top-heavy, sbilanciato ( per eccesso di peso nella parte superiore); (scherz.: di donna) popputa; ( slang) brillo, sbronzo □ (fam.) top-hole, eccellente; ottimo; di prim'ordine □ top-level, ad alto livello; di grande importanza; d'ottima qualità □ top-level management, alta dirigenza □ (naut.) top light, fanale di gabbia □ top name, gran nome ( di un atleta, un giocatore, ecc.); grande celebrità □ top of a dam, coronamento di una diga □ top of the milk, fior di latte ( la parte migliore del latte) □ (fam. ingl., antiq.) to be top of the pops, essere in cima alla classifica □ (fig.) the top of the tree (o of the ladder), il vertice; l'apice; la posizione più elevata: He has reached the top of the tree, è arrivato al vertice della carriera □ (spec. sport) top-ranked, migliore ( in una classifica) □ top-ranking, di alto rango; di alto livello □ ( banca) top rate, top rate; tasso massimo d'interesse ( applicato ai clienti) □ top-rated, il più apprezzato □ ( sport) top rider, campione ( della bici, del motore, o dell'equitazione) □ top sawyer, segatore; segantino; (fig.) personaggio importante, pezzo grosso □ ( calcio, ecc.) top scorer, capocannoniere; goleador □ top-secret, segretissimo; top secret □ top-security prison, carcere di massima sicurezza □ (comm.: di un prodotto) top-selling, che è in testa alle vendite □ (autom., mecc.) top speed, velocità massima ( raggiungibile da un veicolo); ( anche) la marcia più alta (la 4^a o la 5^a) □ at top speed, a tutta velocità; di gran carriera; a più non posso □ ( disegno, ecc.) top view, vista dall'alto □ big top, tendone da circo □ (fam.) to blow one's top, esplodere (fig.); infuriarsi; perdere le staffe; ( USA) perdere la testa; dare i numeri □ (fig.) to come to the top, far carriera; aver successo; diventare famoso □ from top to bottom, da cima a fondo; completamente □ from top to toe, dalla testa ai piedi; da capo a piedi □ to let things get on top of one, lasciarsi prendere la mano dalla situazione; farsi sopraffare: DIALOGO → - Asking about work 1- The situation was getting on top of me and so I resigned, avevo perso il controllo della situazione e così mi sono dimesso □ ( in una pagina) line 10 from the top, riga 10 dall'alto □ to move into top gear, (autom., anche fig.) ingranare la quarta (o la quinta); (fig.) entrare in piena attività □ off the top of one's head, su due piedi (fig.); senza pensarci troppo □ on top of, in cima a; sopra a; addosso a; ( anche) in aggiunta a: The book is on top of the shelf, il libro è in cima allo scaffale; He fell on top of me, mi cadde addosso □ on the top of one's head, sul cocuzzolo □ on top of that (o on top of everything else), per giunta; per soprammercato ( per lo più di cose spiacevoli) □ (fig.) to be on top of one's job, conoscere a menadito il proprio mestiere □ (fig.) to be on top of the world, essere al settimo cielo □ over the top, oltre la vetta; (fig.) esagerato, eccessivo, sopra le righe: to go over the top, superare la vetta, scollinare; (fig.) esagerare: That's going over the top, così si esagera! □ to shout at the top of one's voice, gridare a squarciagola, a perdifiato □ to sit at the top ( of the table), sedere a capotavola □ to be successful to the top of one's bent, aver pieno successo; riuscire a realizzare le speranze più audaci □ (fig.) to stay on top of st., tenere il passo con qc. □ ( di provvedimento, ecc.) taken at the top, preso in alto loco; verticistico.

1 trottola ( giocattolo)

2 (mecc.) rotatore

● to sleep like a top, dormire come un ghiro; dormire della grossa.

A v. t.

1 fornire di copertura; provvedere di coperchio; mettere il tappo a ( una bottiglia)

2 fare da copertura (o da coperchio, da tappo) a (qc.)

3 arrivare all'altezza di; raggiungere la vetta di ( un monte, ecc.): At last I topped the hill, finalmente giunsi in vetta al colle

4 superare; sorpassare: He tops them all at tennis, li supera tutti a tennis; The jobless total tops two million, il numero complessivo dei disoccupati supera i due milioni di persone

5 essere in cima (o in vetta) a; sormontare: A castle tops the mountain, un castello sta in cima al monte

6 cimare; spuntare; svettare: Those trees should be topped, bisognerebbe cimare quegli alberi

7 coprire ( un colore) con altra tinta

8 (chim.) predistillare

9 (fig., anche sport) essere in testa a; avere il primo posto in (o su): His name topped the list, il suo nome era in testa all'elenco

10 ( slang) ammazzare

11 (spec. golf, tennis) colpire ( la palla) sopra la mezzeria; tagliare ( una palla) colpendola sopra la linea di mezzo

B v. i.

( golf, tennis, ecc.) colpire d'effetto sopra la linea di mezzo; tagliare la palla colpendola sopra la mezzeria

● to top and tail, spuntare, pulire ( i fagiolini); (fam.) lavare solo la faccia e il sederino a ( un bambino) □ (teatr.) to top the bill, avere il posto d'onore nel cartellone □ to top one's part, recitare la propria parte alla perfezione; superare sè stesso □ (polit.) to top the poll, fare il pieno di voti □ (fam.) He tops six feet, è alto sei piedi (m 1,83 circa).